Uno sviluppo sostenibile del Lazio: La metodologia ICZM ( parte II)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) is related to a balance between economic, and natural system. The aim of this paper is to describe the possibilities to reach a more sustainable way to plan the social and economic development of a region using ICZM. Facing ICZM within a complex administrative region like Latium is not an easy task, because of the presence of deep (economic, natural, social, etc.) differences along the coastline: very long coastline (over 300 km) starting from Tuscany and arriving to Garigliano river (bordering with Campania). Along the coastline we can notice the presence of: wetlands and important natural preserved areas (coastal lakes in Pontina Plan, e.g.), former marshes, drained in the past centuries (Pontina Plan, Maccarese); archeological remains and historical monuments; touristic resorts; strongly urbanized areas, even for the presence of houses for tourist accommodation, the most utilized accommodation form with an high environmental and landscape impact; agricultural activities; fisheries; ports. On the other hand, using ICZM, we have necessity to face different levels of interpretation of coastal line (natural, environmental, economic, social, …) with very different skills needed. Furthermore, the coastline in not really a “Line” but a “strip” more or less large, including the so called hinterland (the territories bordering the coastline, with their economic activities, land use, urbanization, natural and protected areas, …) and a band of the see facing the coastline. For these reasons it is necessary to make a chose when you decide to face an analysis based on ICZM: face the whole problem with the involvement of many researcher with different skills and capacities or take only some aspects of the problem and deep them to discover weaknesses present in the management of coastline. This is true even if we want to intervene to solve problems: we can chose to face the problem of coast erosion if we consider this problem prominent, or we can chose to face the sea pollution, or we can look at social and economic problems related to environmental quality and the quality of life in the region. The same coastline is not everywhere the same. In effect in Latium we have mainly sand beaches, but frequent is the presence of high and rocky coasts with creeks and gulfs (the Gulf of Gaeta is the most important). Furthermore, frequent is the presence of ports and landfalls, mostly used to touristic and leisure activity, but also fishing ports (Terracina, Formia, Fiumicino), and commercial ports (Civitavecchia, Gaeta: the last one is also a military port). The coastal line in even interrupted by rivers, the most important of them is the Tiber, the river crossing Rome. The presence of these rivers is particularly important for the environmental impact. In effect, we have dramatic consequences on the coast arising from the presence of watercourse, above all the presence of polluters coming from anthropic activity (cities, industries, agricultural activities), transferred from hinterland to the coast. The presence of rivers is even important for the input of sand (or lack of input because of the presence of dams and other interruption of the river for power generation, or when sand is dug (extracted) for construction purpose). This phenomenon leads to the continuous modification of the coastline, and above all is one of the causes of coastal erosion. The loss of beaches is an issue suffered by almost all coastal areas of Latium. The preservation from coastal erosion is obtained using artificial reefs and groynes, that modify the coastline and the marine landscape. To increase the extent of beach eroded by see storms, often the beach replenishment (nourishment) is used, both bringing sand from see to the beach and carrying sand from other places. Our paper propose an analysis of Latium coastline under the point of view of: 1) natural and environmental quality and issues (both marine and land); 2) social and economic performance; 3) cultural and historic strength. This analysis is finalized to trace the possible lines of integrated management of coastline. In the same analysis we utilize the cartographic tools, and some quantitative indicators developed for better synthesize the issues comprehension. This analysis aims to setup a methodology of integrated and sustainable planning, drawing guidelines. These guidelines will provide: environmental sustainability; development of touristic activity environmentally sound; promotion of new integrated program/planning; involvement of public and private stakeholders. The paper will be divided in four parts: a) analysis of Latium coastline; b) founding of homogeneous regions (under the economic and environmental point of view); d) more deepen analysis of one homogeneous region as demonstration area; e) drawing of guideline for integrated coastal zone management.