The Contagious Fever of the Jungle: Primitivism in Claude McKay's "Home to Harlem"

Since its publication, in 1928, the central issue of controversy around which the critical debate on Claude McKay's Home to Harlem revolved was one of primitivism. By considering McKay's use of primitivism in its larger biographical, artistic and historical context, this essay argues that primitivism in McKay's novel makes a claim for a different black sensibility, a counterculture in opposition to white, middle-class culture. Primitivism recuperates the uniqueness of a black, urban, working class which values its difference from white, European and American, civilization. At the same time, however, by excluding women from its discourse, and despite McKay's radical leanings, primitivism also betrays the novel's entrenchment in the patriarchal ideology of American individualism.