Causation Upside Down?

This paper focuses on the methodological relevance of top-down causation. An analysis of the scope and limits of the traditional reductionist methodology is provided. Five kinds of reductionist conceptions are distinguished: a general methodological requirement, the pragmatic advice to follow well-established methodologies, an inter-theoretic reductionism, an intra-theoretic form and finally an ontological reductionism. Thereafter, it is pointed out that there are domains (namely biology and neuroscience) where a different but complementary approach centred on top-down etiological explanations could be helpful for improving our knowledge of organisms. It is also shown that top-down causation cannot be separated from control-mechanisms displaying, in a biological framework, the basic ability to keep homeostasis.