Secrecy Energy Efficiency Maximization in RIS-Aided Networks: Active or Nearly-Passive RIS?

This work addresses the problem of secrecy energy efficiency (SEE) maximization in RIS-aided wireless networks. Active and nearly-passive RISs are compared and their trade-off in terms of SEE is analyzed. Considering both perfect and statistical channel state information, two SEE maximization algorithms are developed to optimize the transmit powers of mobile users, the RIS reflection coefficients, and the base station receive filters. Numerical results quantify the trade-off between active and nearly-passive RISs in terms of SEE, with active RISs yielding worse SEE values as the static power consumed by each reflecting element increases.