Radon Removal in XENONnT down to the Solar Neutrino Level

Aprile, E.; Aalbers, J.; Abe, K.; Ahmed Maouloud, S.; Althueser, L.; Andrieu, B.; Angelino, E.; Antón Martin, D.; Arneodo, F.; Baudis, L.; Bazyk, M.; Bellagamba, L.; Biondi, R.; Bismark, A.; Boese, K.; Brown, A.; Bruno, G.; Budnik, R.; Cai, C.; Capelli, C.; Cardoso, J.  m.  r.; Cimental Chávez, A.  p.; Colijn, A.  p.; Conrad, J.; Cuenca-García, J.  j.; D'Andrea, V.; Daniel Garcia, L.  c.; Decowski, M.  p.; Deisting, A.; Di Donato, C.; Di Gangi, P.; Diglio, S.; Eitel, K.; El Morabit, S.; Elykov, A.; Ferella, A.  d.; Ferrari, C.; Fischer, H.; Flehmke, T.; Flierman, M.; Fulgione, W.; Fuselli, C.; Gaemers, P.; Gaior, R.; Galloway, M.; Gao, F.; Ghosh, S.; Giacomobono, R.; Glade-Beucke, R.; Grandi, L.; Grigat, J.; Guan, H.; Guida, M.; Gyorgy, P.; Hammann, R.; Higuera, A.; Hils, C.; Hoetzsch, L.; Hood, N.  f.; Iacovacci, M.; Itow, Y.; Jakob, J.; Joerg, F.; Kaminaga, Y.; Kara, M.; Kavrigin, P.; Kazama, S.; Kharbanda, P.; Kobayashi, M.; Koke, D.; Kopec, A.; Landsman, H.; Lang, R.  f.; Levinson, L.; Li, I.; Li, S.; Liang, S.; Liang, Z.; Lin, Y. -T.; Lindemann, S.; Lindner, M.; Liu, K.; Liu, M.; Loizeau, J.; Lombardi, F.; Long, J.; Lopes, J.  a.  m.; Luce, T.; Ma, Y.; Macolino, C.; Mahlstedt, J.; Mancuso, A.; Manenti, L.; Marignetti, F.; Marrodán Undagoitia, T.; Martens, K.; Masbou, J.; Masson, E.; Mastroianni, S.; Melchiorre, A.; Merz, J.; Messina, M.; Michael, A.; Miuchi, K.; Molinario, A.; Moriyama, S.; Morå, K.; Mosbacher, Y.; Murra, M.; Müller, J.; Ni, K.; Oberlack, U.; Paetsch, B.; Pan, Y.; Pellegrini, Q.; Peres, R.; Peters, C.; Pienaar, J.; Pierre, M.; Plante, G.; Pollmann, T.  r.; Principe, L.; Qi, J.; Qin, J.; Ramírez García, D.; Rajado, M.; Singh, R.; Sanchez, L.; Dos Santos, J.  m.  f.; Sarnoff, I.; Sartorelli, G.; Schreiner, J.; Schulte, D.; Schulte, P.; Schulze Eißing, H.; Schumann, M.; Scotto Lavina, L.; Selvi, M.; Semeria, F.; Shagin, P.; Shi, S.; Shi, J.; Silva, M.; Simgen, H.; Szyszka, C.; Takeda, A.; Takeuchi, Y.; Tan, P. -L.; Thers, D.; Toschi, F.; Trinchero, G.; Tunnell, C.  d.; Tönnies, F.; Valerius, K.; Vecchi, S.; Vetter, S.; Villazon Solar, F.  i.; Volta, G.; Weinheimer, C.; Weiss, M.; Wenz, D.; Wittweg, C.; V.  h.  s., Wu; Xing, Y.; Xu, D.; Xu, Z.; Yamashita, M.; Yang, L.; Ye, J.; Yuan, L.; Zavattini, G.; Zhong, M.; Null, Null

doi:10.1103/zc1w-88p6

The XENONnT experiment has achieved an exceptionally low 222Rn activity concentration within its inner 5.9 tonne liquid xenon detector of (0.90 0.02 stat 0.07 syst) μBq kg-1, equivalent to about 430 222Rn atoms per tonne of xenon. This was achieved by active online radon removal via cryogenic distillation after stringent material selection. The achieved 222Rn activity concentration is 5 times lower than that in other currently operational multitonne liquid xenon detectors engaged in dark matter searches. This breakthrough enables the pursuit of various rare event searches that lie beyond the confines of the standard model of particle physics, with world-leading sensitivity. The ultralow 222Rn levels have diminished the radon-induced background rate in the detector to a point where it is for the first time comparable to the solar neutrino-induced background, which is poised to become the primary irreducible background in liquid xenon-based detectors.