ChatGPT-generated Tensions in Healthcare: A Literature Review Map for Responsible Use

AI-powered systems are expected to profoundly reshape the healthcare sector. However, this technology is yet to consolidate, and guidelines promoting its responsible use are scattered. Thus, a considerable degree of chaoticity exists in evaluating the appropriateness of its applications. This literature review aims to map the key opportunities and risks associated with the introduction of the AI-powered tool ChatGPT in healthcare research, education and clinical practice, in order to determine which uses are considered appropriate, which are controversial, and which should be avoided. Our findings suggest that ChatGPT is a valuable tool for healthcare research. While its use as a co-author is considered unethical, it remains a legitimate tool for editing and proofreading. In healthcare education, LLMs like ChatGPT are expected to become increasingly influential in the future. This calls for a reassessment of student roles and a redesign of educational strategies to align with current technological affordances. ChatGPT is not a medical tool; its application to clinical practice should be avoided. Developing appropriate regulatory frameworks is necessary to exploit the transformative power of AI while preserving ethical and clinical standards.